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The book Focusing not on a single point of view but on the entire range of current theories.

THE NEW PSYCHOLOGY OF LOVE

Clinical Psychology Short Description
Clinical psychology is an integration of science, theory and clinical knowledge for the purpose of understanding, preventing, and relieving psychologically based distress/dysfunction and to promote subjective well-being and personal development. In many countries, clinical psychology is a regulated "mental health profession" and clinical psychology was focused on psychological assessment, with little attention given to treatment. For complete description about "Clinical Psychology" visit http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_psychology

Clinical psychologists considered experts in providing psychotherapy, and generally train within four primary theoretical orientations psychodynamic, humanistic, behavior therapy or cognitive behavioral, and systems/family therapy.

Clinical Psychology Assessment
There exist many literally of various assessment tools, although only a few have been shown to have both high validity (test actually measures what it claims to measure) and reliability (consistency). These measures generally fall within one of several categories, including :

Intelligence and Achievement Tests
These tests are designed to measure certain specific kinds of cognitive functioning in comparison to a norming-group. These tests, such as the WISC-IV, attempt to measure such traits as general knowledge, verbal skill, memory, attention span, logical reasoning, and visual/spatial perception. Several tests have been shown to predict accurately certain kinds of performance, especially scholastic.

Personality tests
Tests of personality aim to describe patterns of behavior, thoughts, and feelings. They generally fall within two categories: objective and projective. Objective measures, such as the MMPI, are based on restricted answers such as yes or no, true/false [play psychology test], or a rating scale which allow for computation of scores that can be compared to a normative group. Projective tests, such as the Rorschach inkblot test, allow for open-ended answers, often based on ambiguous stimuli, presumably revealing non-conscious psychological dynamics.

Neuropsychological tests
Neuropsychological tests consist of specifically designed tasks used to measure psychological functions known to be linked to a particular brain structure or pathway. They are typically used to assess impairment after an injury or illness known to affect neurocognitive functioning, or when used in research, to contrast neuropsychological abilities across experimental groups.

Clinical observation
Clinical psychologists are also trained to gather data by observing behavior. The clinical interview is a vital part of assessment, even when using other formalized tools, which can employ either a structured or unstructured format. Such assessment looks at certain areas, such as general appearance and behavior, mood and affect, perception, comprehension, orientation, insight, memory, and content of communication. One psychiatric example of a formal interview is the mental status examination, which is often used in psychiatry as a screening tool for treatment or further testing.

Clinical Psychologist Video

Clinical Psychology Short Description (video)

History of Psychology

The History of psychology dates back to the Ancient Greeks. There is also evidence of psychological thought in established the first psychological clinic in the 1890s. James McKeen Cattell adapted Francis Galton's anthropometric methods to generate the first program of mental testing in the 1890s. In Vienna, meanwhile, the psychiatrist Sigmund Freud developed an independent approach to the study of the mind called psychoanalysis, which has been widely influential.

The 20th century saw a reaction to Edward Titchener's critique of Wundt's empiricism. This contributed to the formulation of behaviorism by John B. Watson, which was popularized by B. F. Skinner. Behaviorism proposed limiting psychological study to that of overt behavior, because that could be quantified and easily measured.

Behaviorists considered knowledge of the "mind" too metaphysical to achieve scientifically. The final decades of the 20th century saw the decline of behaviorism and the rise of cognitive science, an interdisciplinary approach to studying the human mind. Cognitive science again considers the "mind" as a subject for investigation, using the tools of evolutionary psychology, linguistics, computer science, philosophy, and neurobiology.


History of Psychology
Short Description time by time Psychology history also Publications, Key events, Approach and perspective :

• Manual Experimental Psychology
• Interpretation of Dreams
• A Mind that found it self
• The Child's conception of the world
• Behavior of Organisms
• The Neurotic Personality of our time
• The Psychoanalytic Treatment of Children
• The Nature of Prejudice
• Epilepsy and Functional Anatomy
• APA Ethical Standards
• Syntactic Structures
• The Selfish Gene
• DSM on PDA

The History Psychology on this flash from 1895 to 1995

Approach and Perspective Short Description :

• Structuralism
• Psychoanalysis
• Functionalism
• Behaviorism
• Gestalt Psychology
• Psychopharmocology
• Cognitive Psychology
• Humanistic Psychology
• Biopsychology
• Evolutionary Psychology
• Cultural Psychology

Instruction:

1. Use left and right arrow to Navigate Timeline
2. Select the them to display it in Timeline
3. Click on heading to learn more (short description)

Psychology History timeline - Short Description

Solution focused Therapy SFT is a type of talking therapy that is based upon social constructionist philosophy. Focuses on what clients want to achieve through therapy rather than on the problems that made them to seek help. The approach does not focus on the past, but instead, focuses on the present and future. The therapist uses respectful curiosity to invite the client to envision their preferred future and then therapist and client start attending to any moves towards it whether these are small increments or large changes.

To support this, questions are asked about the client’s story, strengths and resources, and about exceptions to the problem.

Questions :
The miracle question
The miracle question is a method of questioning that a coach, therapist, or counselor uses to aid the client to envision how the future will be different when the problem is no longer present. Also, this may help to establish goals.

Miracle Question Sample
Counselor Ask : "If you woke up tomorrow, and a miracle happened so that you no longer easily lost your temper, what would you see differently?" What would the first signs be that the miracle occurred?"
Client (a child) Respond: "I would not get upset when somebody calls me names"

Counselor wants the client to develop positive goals, or what they will do, rather than what they will not do, to better ensure success. So, the counselor may ask the client, "What will you be doing instead when someone calls you names?"

Scaling Questions
Scaling Questions are tools that are used to identify useful differences for the client and may help to establish goals as well. The poles of a scale can be defined in a bespoke way each time the question is asked, but typically range from "the worst the problem has ever been"  to "the best things could ever possibly be".

The client is asked to rate their current position on the scale, and questions are then used to help the client identify resources (e.g. "what's stopping you from slipping one point lower down the scale?"), exceptions (e.g. "on a day when you are one point higher on the scale, what would tell you that it was a 'one point higher' day?") and to describe a preferred future (e.g. "where on the scale would be good enough? What would a day at that point on the scale look like?")

Exception Question
Exception Seeking Questions Proponents of SFT insist that there are always times when the problem is less severe or absent for the client. The counselor seeks to encourage the client to describe what different circumstances exist in that case, or what the client did differently. The goal is for the client to repeat what has worked in the past, and to help them gain confidence in making improvements for the future.

Coping questions
Coping questions are designed to elicit information about client resources that will have gone unnoticed by them. Even the most hopeless story has within it examples of coping that can be drawn out: "I can see that things have been really difficult for you, yet I am struck by the fact that, even so, you manage to get up each morning and do everything necessary to get the kids off to school. How do you do that?" Genuine curiosity and admiration can help to highlight strengths without appearing to contradict the clients view of reality. The initial summary "I can see that things have been really difficult for you" is for them true and validates their story. The second part "you manage to get up each morning etc.", is also a truism, but one that counters the problem focused narrative. Undeniably, they cope and coping questions start to gently and supportively challenge the problem-focused narrative.

Problem free talk
Problem free talk is often overlooked by whom? as a technique. In solution-focused therapy it is thought to be a useful technique for eliciting resources. Many people (who?) do leisure activities that relax them, or have experiences of being assertive, and many other useful resources that can help within the therapy.

Solution focused therapists will talk about seemingly irrelevant life experiences, like leisure activities, meeting with friends, relaxing and managing conflict. The therapist can also gather information on the clients values and beliefs and their strengths. From this discussion during the therapy session the therapist can use these strengths and resources to move the therapy forward.

For example:
If a client wants to be more assertive it may turn out that under certain life situations they are assertive. This strength from one part of their life can then be transferred to the area with the current problem.

if you want complete explanation, i suggest you http://www.psychpage.com/family/library/sft.htm

Solution Focused Therapy

Solution Focused Therapy (SFT) Theories

Let learn from master Psychology Sigmund Freud, he originated Psychoanalytics approach base on his experience, he believed that human minds like an iceberg, mostly hidden, and that free association would ultimately let a patient retrieve memories from the unconscious, memories not ordinarily available because they are threatening in some way. Conscious awareness floats above the surface. The pre-conscious contains information which can voluntarily be brought to awareness. The unconscious contains thoughts, feelings, and memories of which a person is unaware and many of which have been repressed, or forcibly blocked from consciousness. finally, Freud developed psychoanalysis, a technique for treating psychological disorders by identifying and resolving problems stored in the unconscious.

The Freudian personality theory (Consciousness Level). Concomitant with his development of psychoanalysis, Freud constructed a theory of personality, which includes the following observations.

• The Simple Three Personality Structures :

- The Id               = a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy, operates on the pleasure principle, seeks immediate gratification, and is not restrained by reality. It operates solely at the unconscious level.

- The Ego           = These Personality develops in early childhood, operates through the reality principle, which seeks to gratify impulses of the id realistically and to bring long-term pleasure without pain. The ego operates at both the conscious and pre-conscious levels.

- The Superego = emerges as children reach 4 or 5 and internalize the morals of parents and society. The superego acts as a voice of conscience and operates mostly at the pre-conscious level of awareness. People also possess and are driven by a psychological energy called the libido.

• Children pass through a series of psychosexual stages during which the id seeks pleasure from body areas, erogenous zones, that change during development. The theory: If children have difficulty passing through a particular stage, they are said to have become fixated. Fixation at the phallic stage may create an Oedipus complex for a boy or an Electra complex for a girl. Children resolve these conflicts by identifying with the parent of the same gender.

• The ego strategically uses defense mechanisms to deal with the anxiety produced by conflicting impulses from the id operating on the pleasure principle and the superego using internalized representation of the parents value system. Defense mechanisms.

These also includes :

• Repression: preventing dangerous or painful thoughts from entering consciousness.
• Reaction formation: preventing expression of dangerous impulses by exaggerating opposite behavior.
• Projection: attributing one's feelings, shortcomings, or unacceptable impulses to others.
• Displacement: directing impulses toward a less threatening or more acceptable person or object.
• Regression: retreating to an earlier stage of development.
• Sublimation: re-channeling of unacceptable impulses into acceptable activities.
• Denial: refusing to perceive reality, acting as if something did not happen.
• Compensation: counteracting real or imagined difficulties or weaknesses by emphasizing other traits or excelling in other areas.
• Intellectualization: separating emotions from threatening situations by thinking and acting impersonally.
• Fantasy: meeting unfulfilled desires by imagination.

Psychology Theory (Psychoanalysis) Freud Sigmund